Grendel As Dynamic Character English Literature Essay

Grendel As Dynamic Character English Literature Essay John Gardners Grendel furnishes us with a top to bottom gander at the character and outlook of a beast known to be a rival to humanity. The peruser is seeing the world through the eyes of Grendel, giving the peruser the sentiment of having a cozy relationship with him. Through this cozy relationship that the peruser makes with Grendel, it becomes clear that Grendel experiences a character change all through the novel as a unique character. Grendels advancement all through the novel is profoundly affected by his correspondence with the Shaper, Grendels mother, and the mythical beast. The primary human to affect Grendel was the Shaper, a visually impaired man who lectures everyone around him. The principal notice of the Shaper was in section one, when Grendel assaulted Hrothgars meadhall. During Grendels assault, the defects of human intuition become evident. Rather than fleeing at seeing a frightful beast, the residents become solidified in dread like a dear in headlights. The main special case to these people was the Shaper, who acted rapidly and in spite of his visual deficiency, had the option to get away from the structure and flee from the peril. Grendel had respected the Shaper for being not the same as different people, and responding appropriately and rapidly, just as for having information Grendel wished he could have himself. Grendels envy for a brain like the Shaper makes him load up with desire, so he subliminally attempts to reflect the philosophy of the Shaper in spite of not being a human. The Shapers melodies educate Grendel about the way that the people live and work. To Grendel, apparently everybody around cherishes and regards the Shaper, which is obvious when Grendel clarifies that the individuals, and even the encompassing slopes were quieted when the Shaper talked. This notoriety causes Grendel to wish that he could resemble the Shaper much more, with the goal that he can at long last lose the sentiment of disengagement and increase acknowledgment among the people. As Grendel breaks down the prevalence and intrigue of the Shaper, he starts to acknowledge why individuals have are continually fleeing at his sight. Grendel jumps profound into himself to get a feeling of the blemishes in his own character, and subliminally concluded that he doesnt truly need nor care about getting the endorsement of the people since he isnt a human and shouldnt need to live by the desires and principles that they have for themselves. (Gardner, letter) He was conceived not as a human, however as a beast that could always be unable to live l ike the people, and rather should follow his own job in the public arena: to threaten and murder people. In spite of the fact that it was obvious that Grendel thought about his mom, their relationship wasnt consistently great. She was extremely controlling, and endeavors to keep Grendel next to her all through the novel, yet she adored him and was even viewed as a wellspring of solace to him (Grendel pg. 17). In section two of the novel, Grendel sees his mom as a fat and lethargic animal who is to unintelligent to ready to communicate in a similar language as the people. As the mother attempts to turn out to be progressively defensive and shielding of Grendel, he attempts to split away from her more and treats her as really a beast or creature rather than a proportionate to himself. He understands that she is actually what he needs to abstain from turning out to be, so he starts to invest less energy with her and rather invest additional time with the people, which begins to cause him to turn out to be more similar to a human than a beast. Grendel turned out to be progressively free as he looked less to his mom for counsel and started to have an independent perspective, utilizing his own considerations and perceptions as a rule. He begins to create philosophical considerations, and starts to scrutinize the importance and reason forever. At the focuses in the novel where Grendel is leaving or coming back to the cavern, his psyche gets anxious with contemplations about the people and what he should. The multifaceted nature of Grendels contemplations is equivalent with the unpredictable structure of the cavern itself. Getting in and out of the cavern is no straightforward procedure. Grendel depicts the procedure as swimming up through the firesnakes, hot dim whalecocks lurking the glowing green of the unimportant., and proceeds by saying that he swallowed stirring waves and smoke, which suggests that the insignificant is ablaze. (Grendel pg. 9) The water is utilized as an image of the inner mind and feeling, which clarifies the contemplations that begin to bounce aro und in Grendels head as he is on his way in or out of his cavern. Grendels pondering internally is vital to his advancement as a free person. He feels so reliant close to the furthest limit of the book that he even overlooks the admonition of his mom. His mom needs to secure him and caution him of the threat he is getting into, however her notice just comes out as Warovvish. (Grendel pg. 145) Without attempting to comprehend what she was stating, he disregards her admonition as jabber and proceeds with what he initially arranged. Rather than depending on the exhortation and assessments of others, Grendel attempts to sift through everything inside his own contemplations. This makes him become less and less subject to different characters, which thus permits him to turn out to be a greater amount of a person. The last character to affect Grendels character was the mythical serpent, who shows up in part five of the novel. Before meeting the mythical beast, the main being that Grendel met more impressive than himself was his mom. Grendel turned out to be so frightened at the site of the tremendous mythical beast that he could scarcely even talk. Grendel has never truly felt this degree of dread, and it causes him to understand that there are more fearsome animals to walk the planet than him. This dread additionally excuses the sentiment of the dread the people display while experiencing Grendel, so he currently comprehends their dread of him. The mythical beast ends up being an extraordinarily shrewd rationalist, and when the monster begins guessing what him might be thinking, Grendel turns out to be considerably progressively scared of him. He never felt dread like when he saw the mythical beast, so he didnt comprehend why the people would flee in fear regardless of whether he were to do n othing incorrectly. He discloses to Grendel that the quintessence of life is to be found in the dissatisfaction of set up request, so he should keep threatening the people. (Grendel pg. 67) The monster continues to disclose to him that being fear to all people that is really imperative to their turn of events. He proceeds to clarify that people are continually attempting to wreck anything they consider to be malevolent, however insidious is in reality imperative to them on the grounds that without underhanded, the world would not be adjusted. The monster attempts to disclose to Grendel that he drives them to verse, science, religion, every one of that makes them what they are really going after long as they last (Grendel pg. 72).This implies that Grendel is in reality essential to human culture, and without him, humankind would not be progressed as it is today. This showdown with the winged serpent permits Grendel to free himself of the questions he had about the ethical quality of slaughtering people, at long last giving him the explanation and adaptation he wanted to proceed with his job in the public eye. Grendel has gotten one of the most significant and created characters since the commencement of writing, regardless of him being a foe. His contemplations regularly strife with one another, yet before the finish of the novel, they become extremely profound and complex. After his encounter with monster, Grendel at long last builds up a comprehension of his job in the public arena, and the significance that he plays. Through the impact of Grendels experiences with the people and other significant characters all through the book, he had the option to experience a change and become a substantially more wise, complex being. In the start of the novel, Grendel was depicted just like a unintelligent beast, confined from the people, having no comprehension of his job and significance to society, yet before the finish of the book, Grendel has formed into a modern being with a more prominent comprehension of the world than the people even have.

Custom Coffee & Chocolate Essay

As indicated by the outline of Custom Coffee and Chocolate’s business, Bonnie Brewer and Stacy Kim run a little cafã © where they serve one of a kind espresso, chocolates and keep up a shop. The cafã © is situated almost a college, where understudies, personnel, staff, and nearby inhabitants are the principle clients. They have maintained the business effectively, cooperating with no representatives and selling their items just in the cafã ©. They have begun to consider further turn of events. The primary inquiry now is the thing that procedures they should dispatch to accomplish that point. The initial step to respond to on that question is breaking down the company’s inner condition and recognizing it qualities and shortcomings. The best quality is without a doubt information procured by the proprietors during business and advertising courses and there experience picked up grinding away. The proprietors likewise picked an intriguing area with numerous understudies who they know and see quite well, which joined with the offer is quality of their business. Clients can sit in agreeable seats, on love seats, and at foot stools, and talk or read papers between classes. As we think about shortcomings, we can distinguish a couple of dangerous things. The biggest of these is the restricted access to administrations because of the little space in the cafã ©. In addition, absence of representatives makes it unimaginable for the cafã © to open longer, in light of the fact that the proprietors additionally need to deal with the funds. There is additionally no opportunities for clients to arrange merchandise via telephone or on the web, and for the cafã © to convey administration to areas nearby, for example, quarters and parlors where understudies are contemplating. Another shortcoming is very poor menu, which ought to be reached out by new items. Furthermore, too little consideration is paid to social incorporation by sorting out occasions, for example, verse readings or conversation gatherings, and directing a blog which could coordinate understudies around the cafã ©. Absence of a remote association that clients could utilize is a huge disadvantage. The last shortcoming, which is extremely significant, is an absence of money related hold. The proprietors depleted their reserve funds and the underlying independent company credit, andâ their half year rent is up. The subsequent advance is breaking down the company’s outside condition and distinguishing it openings and dangers. The best open door for the improvement of the organization is the capacity to arrive at a more extensive scope of clients who are conceivably keen on utilizing the administration of the cafã ©. Custom Coffee and Chocolate’s field-tested strategy bases on buying not out of the question exchange espresso and chocolates made by a couple of neighborhood providers. It merits thinking about acquiring a superior cost from maker in return for advancing their brands. It is additionally conceivable to degree the quantity of potential providers, which is probably going to empower the cafã © to buy items at much better costs. An open door for the advancement of the organization is the utilization of new innovations, for example, online shops, sites or web journals, to permit better contacts with clients on the Internet. Tragically, dangers additionally can show up in the company’s outside condition. It could be a lessening in the quantity of understudies at the University or changed area of classes. The greatest danger might be the development of contenders offering comparable administrations at lower costs or better quality. The procedure received by the organization, which comprises of purchasing items from neighborhood providers and requesting not out of the question exchange espresso, may cause a danger of presentation of less expensive substitutes available by contenders. The last yet not the least danger is associated with the need to build the caf㠩’s obligation by taking extra advances for additional turn of events. In the wake of deciding the qualities and shortcomings of the company’s inside condition just as the chances and dangers of the company’s outer condition, it is important to propose a few procedures that consider the interdependencies between specific components of SWOT investigation, which will assist with building up the organization in the correct manner. One of the thoughts is to obtain new clients by expanding the accessibility of items. Masterminding an offer of items through the online store and permitting clients to play arranges by telephone, sorting out proper showcasing efforts on the site or in nearby media, offers chances to accomplish that objective. Requested products would be conveyed by dispatch. At the underlying stage, the scope of conveyance may be constrained to areas nearby, for example, dormitories and parlors where understudies are examining. This methodology would be based on chances of utilizing the Internet and becoming the customer’s base without the need of searching for bigger premises to runâ a cafã ©. It is important to enlist representatives to permit the proprietors to concentrate on key administration exercises in the cafã ©. It would give Bonnie Brewer and Stacy Kim chance to utilize their insight and experience and assume control over a greater amount of the fund and promoting exercises. Another fascinating technique that can secure the organization against the loss of clients is building social union by transforming the cafã © into a clique meeting place for understudies, workforce and other staff of the University. Arranging verse readings or conversation gatherings could be a good thought. In addition, those exercises would be upheld by a blog which would be directed by the caf㠩’s proprietors. Along these lines, drinking espresso or eating tasty chocolates would be just a characteristic expansion and advantage during gatherings. All things considered, the fundamental quality is the particular area with understudies, workforce and staff whose the proprietors of the bistro know and see well. Having faithful client gatherings might be especially significant when a few contenders show up available. Along these lines, the organization could essentially diminish this sort of danger. A viable system which could be utilized is building their very own unmistakable brand items. They ought to be introduced as interesting and not accessible from different contenders. Moreover, it may be conceivable to set up a more extensive scope of items which could be more qualified to the nearby clients needs. This methodology ought to be founded on the advancement of nearby items and providers of items and great reasonable exchange espresso. It could be a chance to get extra cash from supporters of the social and network building crucial out by the proprietors of the cafã ©. The above methodology depends on the quality associated with great items which assume a specialty position available and can't be effectively supplanted. It shields the organization from the danger of rivalry and improves its upper hand.

Does Your Credit Score Show up on a Background Check

Does Your Credit Score Show up on a Background Check Does Your Credit Score Show up on a Background Check? Does Your Credit Score Show up on a Background Check?Background checks can return all sorts of information about your past (and present) that youd rather keep secret. But will it return your credit score?It’s the question everyone is asking: “does your credit score show up on a background check?”Or maybe they’re asking “what is a credit score?” or “why would I have to have a background check?”Well, those questions and more will soon be answered for you! Buckle in, because you’re about to go on a roller coaster. A roller coaster of knowledge! What is a credit score anyway?A credit score is a three-digit number created from information collected by the three major credit bureaus, Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion. That information is compiled into credit reports and is fed through a formula (most commonly supplied by the FICO corporation) to create your score. That score is a number that  creditors use to determine if they’re going to lend to you and at what rate.Yo ur credit score is made of five parts.The largest part, your payment history, makes up 35 percent of your overall score. This is, essentially, whether you pay your bills on time. Obviously, whether or not you’ll be paying the loan back is one of the biggest, if not the biggest, factor a lender takes into account when deciding to lend to you. So whether or not you’ve paid your previous loans and other bills on time is going to be a major consideration.Amounts owed, at only five percent less, is the next largest part of your credit score. It is an accounting of the current debts you owe, as lenders will suspect you’ll be less able to handle additional obligations if you owe a lot already. The only kinds of loans that probably wont show up are no credit check loans like payday loans, cash advances, and title loans.Jumping down to 15 percent, is the length of your credit history. If you’ve been handling your finances well for 10 years, that tells a potential lender a lot more th an if you’ve been handling them well for six months.The last two parts of your credit score are worth 10 percent each. One is your credit mix, which concerns the specific kinds of debt you hold. Certain debts will reflect more positively on your credit score while having no debt at all can actually be a negative. Lenders would rather see you taking out personal loans or using a credit card and paying them off in full and on time than avoiding credit at all.The last 10 percent comes from new credit inquiries. When a potential lender performs what’s known as a “hard credit check” it will temporarily show up on your credit report. Lenders feel uncomfortable if they know you’re trying to take out multiple loans all at once. (There are exceptions for inquiries made within a certain short-term period to encourage shopping around for the best rate.)  Soft credit checks, on the other hand, do not show up on your credit report.Put all that information together, and you get your cre dit score. A credit score higher than 720 and you’re in great shape. Lower than 630, and you’ll be really running into trouble.When will you get a background check?Anyone has the ability to run a background check on you with your consent. However, most commonly a person will be asked to undergo a background check if they’re trying to apply for an apartment or a job.If your credit score is less than ideal, you may be worried it could show up on a background check. Will an employer, a landlord, or an extremely cautious potential new friend judge you differently if a poor score shows up on the background check?Well, you may not have to worry about that very specific scenario.Will it or won’t it include your score?Okay, time to stop putting off the big question you’re here to have answered. Will your credit score appear on a background check?“In a word, no,” answered Larry P. Smith, an attorney at ProtectingConsumerRights.com. “Credit scores typically do not show up on a background check. Most background checks for employment do not seek credit information, but rather, criminal history. They are typically looking for whether you are dangerous to employ.Some pre-employment screenings do go deeper and look at credit. This is usually when the job requires the employee to handle money- as many states are enacting laws to prevent credit checks for employment except for certain circumstances.In those instances, a score may be revealed, but again, typically not. Those reports are looking to see whether the person has judgments, has declared bankruptcy, or has a large amount of outstanding debt. Credit scores really do not get revealed in background checks.”Private investigator Lisa Ribacoff concurred: “Credit scores are NOT provided when we produce reports. We indicate to our clients that unless there is a signed authorization that we can gain access to their reports, then we are not able to even conduct the search. With our findings, we only provide the current and closed accounts as well as payment history and balances.”So nothing at all to worry about, right? Well, just because a background check won’t turn up your actual credit score doesn’t mean the financial information that does turn up will be all smiles and sunshine.“The credit score usually isnt revealed on a background check,” explained Roslyn Lash, an Accredited Financial Counselor and the founder of Youth Smart Financial Education Services. “However, your credit history is more likely to show up. Even if the actual score isnt given, a history is actually more revealing since it provides more details including dates, amounts owed, and delinquencies.”Turning down a background check means you probably won’t get that job or apartment. So the best you can do is just work on your finances now so everything will look good when you do need to get a background check.To learn more about your credit score, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoan s:A Brief History of Credit ScoresNo Credit Card? Here Are 6 Ways You Can Still Fix Your Credit ScoreHow Bad Credit Can Affect Your UtilitiesYes, You Might Need a Credit Check to Rent a CarWhat other questions do you have about credit scores? We want to hear about it! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsRoslyn Lash  (@RosLash) is an Accredited Financial Counselor and the Author of  The 7 Fruits of Budgeting.  She specializes in financial education, adult coaching, and works virtually with adults helping them to navigate through their personal finances i.e. budgeting, debt, and credit repair. Roslyn is a  Real Estate Broker and is also the founder of Youth Smart Financial Education Services which specializes in financial literacy. Her advice has been featured in national publications such as USA Today, Forbes, TIME, Huffington Post, Los Angeles Times, and a host of other media outlets.Lisa Ribacoff is an Advanced Certified Polygraph Examiner and the Manager of In ternational Investigative Group, Ltd. (@iigpi),  Credibility Assessment Division. She is a member of the American College of Forensic Examiners, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International). She has been featured on FUSE Medias Web Series Lie Detector among many other Morning news programs and talk shows.Larry P. Smith  is a consumer rights attorney, concentrating his practice in the areas of Fair Credit Reporting Act and Fair Debt Collections Practices violations, as well as consumer fraud claims and lemon law.   He is the Managing Partner at SmithMarco, P.C. in Chicago, Illinois.

Essay on Globally Successful Entrepreneurs - 986 Words

Mark Zuckerberg, Steve Jobs, Bill Gates, Jerry Yang, Walt Disney and so on. These were all the names often heard by us and often been a subject or topic discussed by everyone no matter in school or in the work place as a motivation to each other. They are a few examples of globally successful entrepreneurs. Their products are well known and useful. For example, Mark Zuckerberg created Facebook, Steve Jobs created Apple products, Bill Gates created Microsoft and so on. Their products were used widely by all of us around the world. The things that we are concerned about is the characteristics in them that make them globally succeeded entrepreneurs and so well known. So, comparing the characteristics of two globally succeeded entrepreneurs†¦show more content†¦From dropping out of College, attending creative classes, becoming a video game designer and starting the Apple products, this shows that Steve Jobs had never give up on his dream and what he loves doing. Sub-point b: Besides that, back to Bill Gates. He did not give up on writing programs and software for computer as he is interested in computer science. Evidence 1: Bill Gates attended public elementary school and the private Lakeside school. He discovered his interests in computer programs and software in the lakeside school when he was at the age of 13. The Mothers Club of the Lakeside school bought a teletype and computers for the students that time and this is where Bill Gates wrote his very first computer programs, that is, he wrote a tic-tac-toe program which allowed people to play it on computers. He skipped his mathematics classes to pursue his interests. Evidence 2: Moreover, Bill Gates and his 3 other friends sought time to study the system and hack into the system of the computer by exploiting bugs to get free computer time. 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The Story Of An Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao - 1147 Words

The Role of Sexuality in Traditional Dominican Culture Sexuality in traditional Dominican culture dominates Diaz’s novel, â€Å"The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao.† The descriptions and experiences of the main characters in the novel, namely, Oscar, Lola, Beli and Yunior highlight the theme of sexuality in Dominican culture. Yunior is the hyper-masculine narrator who presents sexuality in terms of the power and expectation of Dominican masculinity (Asencio 108). He embodies the ‘el machismo’ masculinity stereotype prevalent in Dominican culture where men have high sex drive and the power to dominate women by controlling their sexuality through violence, coercion, and verbal aggression. Oscar contradicts this machismo power by appearing emasculated like a woman. This shows that women have lower social standing compared to men, even lower than that of weak men like Oscar in Dominican culture. Sexuality plays a central role in Diaz’s novel to illustra te the dominance of masculinity over women in Dominican culture. Oscar and Yunior illustrate opposing forms of masculinity. While Oscar’s awkward, fat, and nerdy character puts him in conflict with the hyper-masculine Dominican society, Yunior embodies the macho identity required by this society through his sexual aggression towards women. Their values also clash because Oscar shows respect and is faithful in his relationships, whereas Yunior is a womanizer who cannot respect beautiful women (Melissa 281). 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The story follows Oscar in his search to find a girl that will return his love, although he doesnt meet the societys masculinity standards. Latino masculinity is a dominant concept in the novel, for that is the main catalyst for all the actionsRead MoreBrief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao1560 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fukued Dominican In The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao we explore an extensive look at our main character, Oscar. A slightly overweight, highly animated, geek of all geeks, and above all a nice kid who is passionately in love with women. Love and violence fuel each other in Junot Dà ­az’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. Oscar doesn t seem to find love until his life is ultimately life threatened. Oscar and our narrator Yunior, are opposites when it comes to Dominican masculinity and actRead MoreAnalysis Of The Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao857 Words   |  4 PagesDiaz. â€Å"The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao† is the title of Junot Diaz book in which we can perceive the author’s allusion to William’s Shakespeare play in order to comprehend the book better wise. There are many allusions that Junot Diaz had in mind of the play â€Å"The Tempest† while writing his book and the one that beats them all is the resembles of the rightful Duke of Milan in the play, Prospero and Yunior, the narrator of the story of Oscar Wao. Each of their personalities, story and character’sRead MoreThe Plague Of Doves And The Great Gatsby1743 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters in the works The Plague of Doves, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, and The Great Gatsby come from different backgrounds and hold a variety of intersectional identifiers, they encounter similar steps while attempting to life lives separate from their historic lineage. The characters in the works develop relationships with surrogate parental figures in order to escape their histories and ultimately, find success. In The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, this relationship is observed with BeliRead MoreOscar Wao Essay626 Words   |  3 Pagesfrom the preceding action and the character’s nature is what should truly be examined. Not only is the ending of The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Diaz both happy and unhappy, it is logical in the sense that it foll ows logically from the climax of the novel all while the character’s have been constant throughout, except Oscar. Oscar, the protagonist experiences a life-changing transformation that leads to his untimely death. However, the ending is convincing because of this transformationRead MoreJunot Diaz s Truly Does Tell The Brief Story Of The Wondrous Life Of Oscar De Leon1660 Words   |  7 PagesJunot Diaz’s novel truly does tell the brief story of the wondrous life of Oscar de Là ©on, our Dominican-American protagonist, better known as Oscar Wao. Weighing in at 245 pounds, our hopeless romantic loves comic books, writes science-fiction in all of his spare time, and, as described by our homodiegetic narrator Yunior, is a â€Å"loser with a capital L† (Diaz 17). While the title might allude that this is a story solely about Oscar, Diaz also delves deep into the lives of those closest to him. This

Global Expansion Plan Free Essays

string(153) " Among the 3 advantage factors recognized by the Eclectic paradigm, the Ownership advantage appears to be most relevant to the context of Secret Recipe\." LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 22 November 2012 Datuk Steven Sim Chief executive officer and managing director Secret Recipe Cakes and Cafe Sdn Bhd Malaysia Dear Sir, FINAL REPORT SUBMISSION – EXPANSION PLAN TO VIETNAM MARKET Please find attached the reported requested by the Board. This report reveals an insight into the Vietnamese market and explains why this is a potential one to invest in. We hope that the information provided is useful in the decision-making with regard to further development of Secret Recipe in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Expansion Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you need any farther clarification on the report, please do not hesitate to contact me, the team leader, at an email address: ksay1nho@email. nottingham. edu. my Yours sincerely, Nguyen Huynh Bao Ngoc On behalf of the Global Strategy Team Table of Contents 1. Executive summary3 2. Introduction4 3. Methodology5 4. Findings and Discussion6 4. 1. Motives of internationalization6 4. 2. Justification of entering into Vietnam6 5. Conclusion13 6. Recommendations:14 6. 1. Most appropriate strategy14 6. 2. Entry mode14 6. 3. Appropriate organization structure15 7. References16 1. Executive summary This report critically examines the possibility of Vietnam to be the next stop in Secret Recipe’s global expansion plan. Initially, the report highlights the current great achievements that Secret Recipe has been attaining from its very first internationalized activity. Employing the proper strategy and being favored by consumers all guarantee an auspicious future for the chain. Taking all of these merits, the company consecutively looks for new marketplaces with new resources. Simultaneously, findings have shown that Vietnam is an appealing market because of its potentials in a fast-growing economy and long-term profitability, as well as rich resources. Then, the country risk analysis and the country market and industry opportunities analysis were introduced to evaluate Vietnam’s benefits and drawbacks. The result is that there are rooms for both of them. Therefore, so as to be successful, recommendations on appropriate entry mode, strategy and organization structure are specified. To be more detailed, the most suitable entry mode is master franchising via a joint venture because it brings about the positively high certainty in operating. As for strategy, it is an international one to ensure consistency in the menu and concept by taking control over the core competencies and leaving other decisions to foreign subsidiaries. Besides, the Worldwide Area Structure is vital in terms of managing the company’s global expansion as it enables local responsiveness and decentralized authority, which both matter for future growth. Finally, the main conclusion is that Vietnam is the right solution for the Board’s decision to expand overseas. Nonetheless, the management should cautiously take into account the recommendations so that Secret Recipe can win. 2. Introduction Secret Recipe has gained its popularity not only in Malaysia but also across the region. The great succeed stemmed from the ambience brought to customers and the high-quality food served at reasonable prices. The number of foreign outlets is now exceeding 40 and is expecting to increase. According to Welch and Luostarinen (1988), internationalization can be described as a process by which the level of involvement in overseas activities of a firm rises. Indeed, adding the number of overseas outlets up to 100 was part of the ambitious global expansion plan. Recently, the company has spent RM60 million to invest in 2 more new markets which are India and Cambodia (TheSundaily. com, 2011). Evangelista (1994) argues that the readiness to fund international activities proves that firms desires to move further. In the past 3 years, the company has witnessed an annual growth rate of 30% (Articlebase. com, 2011). Taking advantage of both the reputation and the growth pace, it is the right time to put one step further and seize the opportunities available in a new market to grow even larger. The Global Strategy Team, after doing research on several potential markets within the Asian area, strongly recommends Vietnam. In this report, the motives of internationalization of Secret Recipe will be disclosed, as well as the motives of choosing Vietnam as a new international market will also be revealed. And as for a smooth penetrating process, recommendations relating to the strategy to be implemented, to the entry mode to be executed, and to the organization structure to be formed will be offered. 3. Methodology The information and data given were collected from many government and organization websites, namely Datamonitor, Trading Economics, General Statistics Office of Vietnam, etc. Besides, a proportion of them were also taken from reliable online newspapers such as TheSundaily. com. In addition, knowledge from International Business books and journals was also introduced to help provide a better understanding. Nevertheless, due to the unavailability of official information about Secret Recipe performance, the analysis had to rely entirely on online newspapers and the CEO’s reported interviews. In addition, the focus of the report is mostly on the food sector, not the franchising one. It is due to the well-structured characteristic of the franchising that it promotes a simple way to interpret and analyze. By contrast, food is a subjective topic as it relates to personal opinion, thus there are limits on suggestions. 4. Findings and Discussion 4. 1. Motives of internationalization Secret Recipe is now among the fastest-growing restaurant chains both domestically and regionally. For the last 5 years, the growth rate has been an amazing double-digit figure (TheSundaily, 2011), accompanied by a rapid increase in the number of outlets. Currently, its outlets present in 8 Asian countries including China, Australia and Pakistan. In any market, there is always a positive reaction from the consumers. A proven fact is that Secret Recipe has been awarded with many titles such as â€Å"Best Cheesecake award†, â€Å"Malaysia’s best local restaurant chain†, â€Å"Indonesian’s Best Restaurant Award†, â€Å"Singapore’s Excellent Food Award†, â€Å"Best Restaurant Award – Philippines Talter†, etc. This is to say, Secret Recipe, after securing its stance in Malaysia, is continuously gaining customer awareness and fame throughout the region. As a result, Secret Recipe’s movement could be best explained using Eclectic paradigm (Dunning, 1980, 1981). Among the 3 advantage factors recognized by the Eclectic paradigm, the Ownership advantage appears to be most relevant to the context of Secret Recipe. As stated above, the company now possesses a valuable intangible asset which is good brand awareness. Besides, stated in the theory, one of the reasons behind the internationalization of a multinational firm is market seeking investment. In this particular case, Secret Recipe is to exploit new market (i. e. Vietnam) because of its prospects of market size and market growth (Dunning and Lundan, 2008) 4. 2. Justification of entering into Vietnam Vietnam risk analysis: Political risks Vietnam is famous for its political stability. This diminishes the insecurity and uncertainty of foreign investors deciding to invest in Vietnam. According to Worldwide Governance Indicators (2011), the Vietnamese political environment remains almost steady in the past 15 years. Figure 1 Source: Worldwide Governance Indicators (2011) Note: Percentile ranks indicate the percentage of countries worldwide that rank lower than the indicated country, so that higher values indicate better governance scores. The line graphs include margins of error shown as dashed lines, corresponding to 90% confidence intervals. Competitive risks Corruption level in Vietnam is reported to be one of the highest in the world. According to Transparency International, 2011’s score was 2. 9, which increased 0. 2 points compared to the year before. Indeed, in comparison to other countries in Southeast Asia such as Malaysia and Thailand, Vietnam’s freedom from corruption index remains low (refer to figure 2). However, the formation of the Vietnam Anti-Corruption Initiative Program 2011 (VACI) supported by World Bank somehow saves the situation. Figure 2. Vietnam’s freedom from Corruption in comparison with Malaysia, Thailand and the World Average Source: Heritage (2012) Operational risks Suppliers play an important role in deciding the quality. In any market, suppliers are abundant but not all of them can provide what Secret Recipe desires for a good menu. Therefore, an insightful search should be carried out before entering the market. Economic risks The inflation rate of Vietnam fluctuates wildly (refer to figure 3). This issue somehow imposes a concern, as the less wealthy class will be more conscious with eat-out whenever the rate is high, which eventually will negatively impact the foodservice sales. Figure 3 Source: TradingEconomis. om | General Statistics Office of Vietnam Vietnam market and industry opportunities: Market: In the World Bank’s 2011 Annual Report, Vietnam is perceived to reach a middle-income level country soon enough. The Vietnamese foodservice industry grew at a CAGR of 6% from 2005 to 2009. It is estimated that the growth rate would be at a CAGR of 4. 5% from 2010 to 2014 (Datamonitor, 2011). I n recent years, the country has also witnessed a steady urbanization, with a rate of 3. 1% in 2010 (ReportLinker, 2012) accompanied by a sharp rise in population, implying an increasing demand for food. The rationale behind this is that as people move to big cities to work, they will have little time to prepare their own meals. Thus, eating out becomes an optimal choice. Also, according to that report by ReportLinker, there has been a surge in the number of households in Vietnamese economy. Two types of households that contribute the most the industry are single member households and working couples as it fits into their fast-paced lifestyle. Furthermore, Vietnamese population is huge (87. 84 million in 2011) and young. Specifically, in 2010, the group 15-29 (i. e. argeting customer of Secret Recipe) appeared to be significantly larger than others. It is predicted that the group will be expanding in the next ten years, indicating a long-term growth for Secret Recipe in Vietnam food industry. Figure 4. Vietnam population by age and sex in 2010 Figure 5. Vietnam population by age and sex in 2020 Resources: Labor: Secret Recipe can be beneficial from a low-cost and huge workforce. Acco rding to General Statistics Office of Vietnam, 57. 2% of Vietnam’s population participated to labor market and 32. 5% of them had undergone or completed a vocational/professional training. It somehow guarantees skilled labor force availability. Raw materials: Basic ingredients are available here in Vietnam. However, only qualified suppliers worth the contracts otherwise they may ruin Secret Recipe’s image. Nonetheless, some of the flavors can be costly as they are imported goods with high prices. An approach to this problem could be buying in bulk and storing them for further process. Location: A number of shopping malls and superior residential areas are being built as a developing plan (Food services in Vietnam, Market Analysis, 2012). Therefore, Secret Recipe can easily reach to its customers. Apparently, however, rental price should be considered consciously. Competition: Porter’s Five Forces model, which consists of five elements, is used to give an overall picture of the food industry in Vietnam. Intensity of rivalry: Medium Currently, in terms of cheese cake, which is a core product of Secret Recipe, there are no direct competitors as none of the existing players emphasize their menu on that. Nonetheless, as for other Vietnamese dishes that will be developed later on, Secret Recipe should be aware that they have been being offered by domestic independents for years (Food Service profile, 2012). Their primary advantage is the understanding of the market, customers and their taste, which will take times for Secret Recipe to gain. Threats of new entrants: Medium to High Setting up a food business generally does not require high capital in comparison to other businesses. However, the procedure to ask for permission to do business in Vietnam needs good relationship with the authorities. Undoubtedly, food is a recession-free industry; hence business entities can earn profit eventually setting foot into this industry. Bargaining power of suppliers: Low As mentioned, in order not to ruin Secret Recipe’s name, only reliable and qualified suppliers selected. Therefore, once the contract is signed between the two parties, it will be a long-term one and thus the switching cost would be relatively high, causing the suppliers’ bargaining power to be low. Bargaining power of customers: High Vietnamese food consumers are offered with many choices. Currently, there are several cake brands operating in Vietnam such as Paris Baguette, Chewy Junior (Singapore brand), Tour le Jour (Korean brand). Besides, street vendors’ food is plentiful with many different taste and prices to choose from. Consequently, together with a favor in low switching cost, customers can easily go to another restaurant if they want to. Threats of substitutes: High Cakes are not that essential in a person’s daily life. Moreover, food in general in Vietnam is diversified and can be found on any street with a relatively reasonable price, mostly serve local cuisines to their largely native customers especially in big cities like Ho Chi Minh City. Thus, when it comes to hunger, people can choose from a wide range of them. 5. Conclusion To put it in a nutshell, the motives of internationalization of Secret Recipe can be best enlightened applying Eclectic paradigm, particularly the Ownership advantage. At the moment, the company’s strategy is trying to spread its brand name beyond borders by constantly looking for new international markets and by bravely spending budget on them. Accordingly, one with great potentials would be worth the investment. All the findings and data have proved that Vietnam comes in the first place in the list of promising marketplaces due to its strongly growing economy, low-cost labor, and dynamic food market. Although entering into the country poses obstacles (e. g. intense competition, good authorities relationship) and economic threats (e. g. unstable inflation rate, high corruption rate), choosing the right strategy, the right means of going into it and building a suitable organization structure would foster an effective and efficient managing job. 6. Recommendations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. Most appropriate strategy The most suitable strategy to be executed when entering Vietnam market is international strategy. There are two reasons for this choice. Firstly, the Secret Recipe’s menu on cheese cakes was originally developed by Malaysian chefs. People come to the restaurant mostly to enjoy the unique fine taste and the ambience there. Therefore, the R;D function should be in the home country so that the uniqueness making the brand name will always be the same. This happens to be parallel with the top management’s viewpoint in which the menu stays unchanged in any market. Secondly, the pressure for local responsiveness is low, not zero. Also, the most crucial characteristic of any organization is the willingness to develop products for foreign markets (Rosson and Ford, 1982). In fact, the success of Secret Recipe in foreign markets has its root in the willingness to include the popular dishes of the local food culture. Furthermore, Vietnamese consumers favor their traditional dishes such as Pho, spring rolls, etc. Thus, being able to fruitfully offer them in the menu will certainly be an advantage. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 7. 2. Entry mode Oviatt and McDougall (1994) advise that firms should use †alternative governance structures†, such as franchising, licensing. And together with the analyses about Vietnam risks and industry opportunities, the recommended entry mode for Secret Recipe is establishing a master franchise via a joint venture. The reasons are as follows. First of all, Secret Recipe is in the food industry where the best mean of doing business is franchising. Indeed, the company has achieved its regional prospect thanks to properly implementing that form. In other words, the management is experienced. Moreover, the franchising is now widely perceived and accepted by Vietnamese business entities and the government, making the process easier and less costly. Secondly, Secret Recipe is still on the progress of opening a foreign market, thus what matters the most to the management would be the development costs and risks. As a result, setting up a master franchise will somehow save the management from many problems as it is now the master franchisee’s job to select and train franchisees, select locations, etc. Also, the costs and risks will be shared with the local partner in a joint venture. Thirdly, there is always a need to reduce control challenges and to protect the brand name, as well as to benefit from a local partners’ knowledge of the host country’s competitive conditions, culture, language, political and business systems whenever expanding internationally. In this sense, a joint venture appears to be essential and practical. Besides, due to the complexity of Vietnamese market, a Vietnamese partner would be helpful in negotiating with the authorities, finding suppliers, recruiting personnel, etc. 7. 3. Appropriate organization structure In terms of global expansion management, the recommendation structure goes to Worldwide Area Structure. The reason is that for farther development, Secret Recipe will obviously expand to other markets in different countries and territories around the world. Sooner or later, the management will have to deal with problems arising from dissimilarities in customers taste, operational issues, etc. Consequently, to save costs and efforts, it is necessary to have a decentralized bureaucracy, which can be built under a Worldwide Area structure. Plus, the structure facilitates local responsiveness, which is relatively crucial to a restaurant chain like Secret Recipe. On the other hand, the structure bears the threat of fragmentation of the organization. Hence, it needs close monitor and periodical review. [Words count: 2,254] 7. References A recipe for success (2011) [Online]. Available at http://top10malaysia. com/home/index. php/trail-blazing-companies/secret-recipe [Accessed 19th October 2012] B. M. Oviatt, P. P. McDougall (1994). ‘Toward a theory of international new ventures’. Journal of International Business Studies, 25 (1994), pp. 45–64 Corruption in Vietnam is serious, blatant, rampant (September 2012) [Online]. Available at http://tuoitrenews. vn/cmlink/tuoitrenews/politics/corruption-in-vietnam-is-serious-blatant-rampant-1. 85998 [Accessed 12th November 2012] Dunning, H. J. , ; Lundan, M. S. (2008). Multinational Enterprises and The Global Economy. (2nd Edition). UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Foodservice in Vietnam to 2014 (July 2011) [Online]. Available at http://www. marketresearch. com/Datamonitor-v72/Foodservice-Vietnam-6446347/ Accessed 28th October 2012] F. U. Evangelista (1994). Export performance and its determinants: some empirical evidence from Australian manufacturing firms ,in: S. T. Cavusgil, C. T. Axmin (Eds. ), Advances in international marketing, vol. 6JAI Press, Greenwich, CT (1994), pp. 207–229 General Statistics office of Viet Nam [Online]. Available at http://www. gso. gov. vn/default_en. aspx? tabid=515;idmid=5;ItemID =106550 [Accessed 5th November 2012] Hill, C. W. L. (2012), International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace, (9th ed. McGraw Hill, p434-439. L. S. Welch, R. K. Luostarinen (1988). ‘Internationalization: evolution of a concept’. Journal of General Management, 14 (2) (1988), pp. 34–55 P. J. Rosson, L. D. Ford (1982). ‘Manufacturer–overseas distributor relations and export performance’. Journal of International Business Studies, Fall (1982), pp. 57–72 Secret Recipe to invest RM60m on expansion (December 2011) [Online]. Available at http://www. thesundaily. my/news/243733 [Accessed 21st October 2012] Secret Recipe in Malaysia (July 2011) [Online]. Available at http://www. articlesbase. om/customer-service-articles/secret-recipe-in-malaysia-5066674. html [Accessed 22nd October 2012] Secret Recipe plans more foreign outlets (January 2008) [Online]. Available at http://biz. thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=%2F2008%2F1%2F24%2F business%2F20105989;sec=business [Accessed 22nd October 2012] Vietnam Anti-Corruption Initiative Program 2011 Awarded 34 Proposals to Minimize Corruption http://web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/VIETNAMEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22793085~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:387565,00. tml [Accessed 12th November 2012] Vietnamese foodservice: The future of food service in Viet Nam (October 2012) [Online]. Available at http://www. reportlinker. com/p01010818-summary/Vietnamese-Foodservice-The-Future-of-Foodservice-in-Vietnam-to. html [Accessed 5th November 2012] Vietnam Inflation rate http://www. tradingeconomics. com/vietnam/inflation-cpi [Accessed 11st November 2012] Vietnamese population pyramid for years [Online]. Available at http://www. nationmaster. com/country/vm-vietnam/Age_distribution [Accessed How to cite Global Expansion Plan, Essay examples

Journal Of Corporate Accounting And Finance -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Journal Of Corporate Accounting And Finance? Answer: Introducation In the given case study, the most relevant and critical issue is the determination of fair value and how it fluctuates according to its use by the different entities. The value of PPE may differ entirely if based on the fair values as it has separate uses for a non-profit organisation and one which deals in profits. (Alexander, 2016) Thus, it has to be seen that what is the best and the highest use of the asset relevant to the circumstance to determine the correct fair value. Highest Best Use Highest and best use may be defined as how the non-financial asset can be put to the best possible use to extract the maximum economic benefit out of it. Or, if can be sold to the other party who has the ability to extract the best out of it or sell it at the best possible price. While using this concept, 3 things need to be considered. i.e., physical presence of asset, economic feasibility and legal status of the transaction. (Das, 2017) Application to aged care home When the above principle is applied to the aged home care, the value of the assets may come out to be substantially less when the same is compared against the commercial or business entities. But, in true sense, the value of the asset or property should bot change according to who is using it but should be uniform based on the exit price in the market as on the final measurement date. Two possible uses Fair valuation is the essence of modern day accounting and is used in wide areas like the determination of impairment amount of the tangible and intangible assets, inventory valuation in the books and several other reporting requirements as per IFRS framework. Accounting Justification: AASB 136 deals with the impairment of the tangible and intangible assets. Agenda 10F(a) of the conceptual framework of general purpose accounting also deals extensively on the issues related to impairment. (Dichev, 2017) Impairment is the permanent write down in the value of assets when the indicators so exists and hint the write down in value. These indicators may be internal or external in nature and based on these factors, the impairment testing is done towards the end of the period. The asset should not be carried in the books of accounts at more than the recoverable value which is higher of the value in use or the fair value of the asset less the cost of disposal. All this is calculated in accordance with the standards prescribed. Relevant Issues: The relevant issue here is the determination of the impairment loss for the 2 CGU of the company which has been named as Time and Leisure. The company has also changed the value of depreciation in the 2nd accounting year based on the assessment, the impact of the same also needs to be analysed on the impairment loss for the year. (Visinescu, Jones, Sidorova, 2017) Mpairment Test 31/12/16 As per the below calculations made, it is evident that there is an impairment loss in the 2 CGUs as $ 200 for Time and $ 12 for Leisure. While calculating so, it was taken care that impairment loss is first assigned to the goodwill and then to the other remaining assets. The value of the plant is limited to the recoverable value and so the reallocation had to be done to other assets. Loss will not be allocated to Inventory and receivables as both of them are current assets held for sale. (Murray Markey?Towler, 2017) General Journal Entries 31/12/16: Date Account DR CR 31/12/2016 Impairment loss on CGU - Time 200 To Accumulated depn impairment loss - Plant 155 To Accumulated depn impairment loss Patent 20 To Accumulated depn impairment loss - Goodwill 25 31/12/2016 Impairment loss on CGU - Leisure 12 To Accumulated depn impairment loss - Goodwill 12 Impairment Test 31/12/17 While calculating the impairment loss for 2017, the new carrying values given by the company for the assets were considered basis which reversal of impairment loss is coming. However, goodwill once impaired, cannot be reversed back in any circumstance. The impairment calculation further on is given below: General Journal Entries 31/12/17: Date Account DR CR 31/12/2017 Accumulated depn impairment loss - Plant 155 Accumulated depn impairment loss Patent 20 To Impairment Loss on CGU - Time 175 Accounting Justification: The question of research and development expenditure arises when the company is dealing with the internally generated intangible assets. The topic is being extensively dealt in by AASB 138, paragraph 8 and SSAP 13 of the conceptual framework of accounting. Research cost is the pre facto cost which is being incurred in the initial phase before the development of the asset takes place. It is done to check on the technical and scientific feasibility of the project in hand. It is checked that whether the project would be economically viable and financially feasible to carry on with. (Trieu, 2017) Further, development of the asset is the phase which comes after the research phase and the company is sure that the asset once generated would bring future economic benefits to the entity. It is during this phase that the company comes up with the advanced technology or invests in developing a new and enhanced product or to bring a new version of process of the existing one. In case there is an issue of non-classification of the research and development expenses in the absence of information, full value should be considered as the research cost. (Heminway, 2017) Relevant Issues: The relevant issue of discussion here is the bifurcation of the research and the development cost and how the same should be treated in the financial books of accounts Difference between two phases: The difference between the 2 phase is that the research comes before the development phase starts. Research may or may no result into an asset whereas development phase will surely result in to an asset. Research is not associated with future economic benefits whereas development is. These are the basic differences in between the two.(Raiborn, Butler, Martin, 2016) Accounting for Research Development: The research phase is not expected to give the future economic benefits to the entity neither the entity can demonstrate so. It is not done with the intention of creating the asset rather it is done just to get the understanding of the thing. Hence, it should be charged off to expense in the PL. Whereas the development is the post facto phase of the research where the development of the enhanced product or technology or process is being carried out such that the company can derive the future economic benefits out of it and therefore the same should be capitalized in the books. (Flix, 2017) Further, if any incidental costs are incurred during the developmental phase, the same should be capitalised in the books. Decision / Conclusion / Reasons and Justification: On the basis of the above discussion and study, it can be concluded that the research costs needs to be charged off as an expense to the PL whereas the development costs should be capitalised in the books. However, before the decision is taken on the accounting, It should be seen that whether the motive was there to create the asset, whether the asset is saleable in the open market, whether it is economically feasible in the future and before capitalization, whether it can be reliably measured. Accounting Justification: AASB 1056 deals on the employee benefits being offered by the company to their employees in lieu of the services rendered. It includes defined benefit plan, contribution plan and superannuation plan. It is in the nature of the pension which is being paid to the employee after retirement but the funds are to be accumulated upfront. Defined benefit plan includes contribution only by the employer to the common fund whereas defined contribution plan includes contribution to be made both by the employer as well as employee. (Jones, 2017) In the given case study, the company has stopped giving this benefit to the new employees however, it continues to do so and contribute towards the old employees who opted for it in the past. The return earned on these funds depends on a lot of internal as well as external factors and particularly the interest rate which is prevailing in the market for the investment made by the company. (Werner, 2017) Relevant Issues: The issue of discussion here is the computation of the benefit or deficit in the funds, asset or liability as on the balance sheet date. Accordingly, the computation has been shown below: Deficit of Fund The deficit amount in the fund computed is $ 1,100,000 (2,100,000 1,000,000) Net Defined Benefit Liability The net defined benefit liability for the company at the end of the period is $ 23,000,000 Net Interest In the table given above (Present value of defined benefit obligation account), net interest is computed as on 31st December 2016 to be $ 2,200,000. Reconciliation The reconciliation accounts of the company have been shown below. Summary Journal Date Account DR CR 31/12/2016 Current service cost A/C Dr. 800,000 Interest cost A/C .Dr. 2,200,000 To Present value of defined benefit obligation 3,000,000 31/12/2016 Actuarial Loss A/C..Dr. 100,000 To Present value of defined benefit obligation 100,000 31/12/2016 Statement of PL.Dr. 3,100,000 To Current service cost 800,000 To Interest cost 2,200,000 To Actuarial Loss 100,000 References Abbott, M., Kantor, A. (2017). Fair Value Measurement and Mandated Accounting Changes: The Case of the Victorian Rail Track Corporation. Australian accounting Review. Alexander, F. (2016). The Changing Face of Accountability. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), 411-431. Das, P. (2017). Financing Pattern and Utilization of Fixed Assets - A Study. Asian Journal of Social Science Studies, 2(2), 10-17. Dichev, I. (2017). On the conceptual foundations of financial reporting. Accounting and Business Research, 47(6), 617-632. Flix, M. (2017). A study on the expected impact of IFRS 17 on the transparency of financial statements of insurance companies. MASTER THESIS, 1-69. Heminway, J. (2017). Shareholder Wealth Maximization as a Function of Statutes, Decisional Law, and Organic Documents. SSRN, 1-35. Jones, P. (2017). Statistical Sampling and Risk Analysis in Auditing. NY: Routledge. Murray, C., Markey?Towler, B. (2017). A Theory of Return-Seeking Firms. SSRN, 1-14. Raiborn, C., Butler, J., Martin, K. (2016). The internal audit function: A prerequisite for Good Governance. Journal of Corporate Accounting and Finance, 28(2), 10-21. Trieu, V. (2017). Getting value from Business Intelligence systems: A review and research agenda. Decision Support Systems, 93, 111-124. Visinescu, L., Jones, M., Sidorova, A. (2017). Improving Decision Quality: The Role of Business Intelligence. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 57(1), 58-66. Werner, M. (2017). Financial process mining - Accounting data structure dependent control flow inference. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 25, 57-80.